Post- Modernism- 1978- Present

The post modernism is a style that has been started during the 1978 and is till nowadays. We can see that by the end of the 1960s many designers were becoming with the lack of the change and also the progress in the architecture and the product design. The good designs were regarded as the Modernism or also earlier art movements such as the Art Deco.

In the 1976 Studio Alchimia was formed by an architect who was Alessandro Guerriero.  The actual aim was so that it moves away from the Modernist design principles and new style.

The Studio Alchima was actually composed by designers where the aim of the design was mostly to manufacture the exhibition pieces rather than the consumer oriented products. The products were regarded as prototypes. Their products where made from cheap, readily materials that were available. The designs of the Modernism were quite different especially from the Bauhaus designs. The designs have bright colors and also they are decorated and that’s how they have moved away from the symmetry of the modernist designs. The Studio Alchimia was the base for the Modernist design movement, which that takes us to the Memphis group of the 1980’s the  Memphis  group  was  a  group  of more  than  one designer that  created  a  group, where example  we  can  see  Ettore Sottsass who  he  helped the Memphis group in contributing this  design movement.

Some  designer that have worked  in this  movement of the Post Modernism were Norbert Berghof, Michael Landes, Wolfgang Rang we also  find Michael Graves as a designer, Charles Jencks, Aldo Rossi, Stiletto ( Frank Schreiner) and also Marco Ferreri & Carlo Bellini. 

Here we can see the Stazione Sideboard which was designed by Andrea Branzi. This was exhibited in the Studio Alchimia where the drawers are actually the hinged doors, and the yellow drawer cannot be close all and also it has sliding glass shelves that will react from under the top

Here we can see some kettles that are designed but different artist  and  al  different years where  the 2 kettles on the top  Frank Gehry's Pito tea kettle 1988/1992, made from polished steel and mahogany—the only Gehry for Alessi design; Aldo Rossi's Il Conico kettle 1986, ; Andrea Branzi's Mama O kettle 1988, ; Richard Sapper's 9091 kettle 1983, Alessi's first designer kettle

 This is a lamp which is  for Luxo Italiana it looks  very  modern design where  it is also ascetical pleasing and  people would  love it cause  it  is  unusual and unique.  

Post Modernism

INTRODUCTION TO STUDIO ALCHIMIA . 2015. INTRODUCTION TO STUDIO ALCHIMIA . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.technologystudent.com/prddes1/studio1.html. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

Pop – 1958-1972

Pop art was another movement that have started in England in the mid – 1950s and also in the United States which was in the early 1960s. It was a movement that was focused mostly in the objects that we use every day which it was rendered through an adoption of the commercial and also the techniques. It is also a movement than a style and is mostly associated to the work of the New York artists which these artists are Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist and also Claes Oldenburg.  In the 1950s onwards we see some artists that drew on some popular imagery which these were part of the international phenomenon which were in various cities.

The pop art movement is different from the arts we see every day such as it is different from the art of Caravaggio it is because  the pop  art movement  is  mostly based  on a  lot  of  bright colors where  in my observation we see that the most colors  used  in pop art are the yellow , blue and also  yellow , where  I  see  that  the  most color used is yellow. The pop art is mostly taken from the images and also from the movies, comics books, advertising and also television this is where the artists took the idea to make the movement of the pop art. Pop art has also become also one of the most recognizable styles of the modern art.

                            labiose-Pop-art

 Richard Hamilton's collage Just what is it that makes 

today's homes so different, so appealing? (1956) is one 

of the earliest works to be considered "pop art

Pop Art Furniture Collection by Sarah Van Hoe

  

Bocca sofa or Marilyn sofa by Studio 65 (1972)

Comments: Here we can see some  furniture  which  are mostly  sofa  and arm chair which are  both inspired from the movement of Pop Art. In my opinion I  find  it  that it is a bit  too  busy the armchair because  it  is mostly  based  in the pop art  but  in  a form of  a  collage.

We can also see that the pop art movement had been influenced into product design during the 1960s. where  than the Pop Art gas  been popular and also  was known for  its  bright colors, geometrical shapes  and also for the unusual designs that are made  to  the  furniture such as  in the  image  we are  seeing  above  where  we can see  that the  artist  inspired  himself  from the  painting  of  the Lips where  then it have been transformed  into the  lips chair  

 Here we can see another product which it is also inspired from the Pop Art movement where this  table  has  been transformed  from  an ordinary  table  into  a  pop  art  table  where  we can see  that it  has  been  mostly influenced  by the comic strips  images. It is also a simple design which it has bright colors and bold outline into the image. This Pop Art table is cheap to buy.

Here we can see that Pop Art was also inspired on fashion. In my observation I  can see  that the  Pop Art was  inspired  from the  comics  aspect. We can also see that Pop Art was also inspired to make advertising. 

Pop Art

Pop Art Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. 2015. Pop Art Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.theartstory.org/movement-pop-art.htm. [Accessed 25 January 2015].

POP ART AND PRODUCT DESIGN. 2015. POP ART AND PRODUCT DESIGN. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.technologystudent.com/prddes1/popart2a.html. [Accessed 26 January 2015].

Scandinavian Design

Scandinavian design is a patch work of the northern European nation state that it will form a cultural and regional which is very distinct from the rest of the Europe. Except Finland it had common economic and cultural history and also linguistic roots.

A unique character, where geographies and environment conditions are reflected, is possessed by the Scandinavian countries. A democratic approach had been originated and developed to design by designers in Scandinavia, where social idealology and enhancement of the quality of life through appropriate and affordable products and technology is seeked.  

Scandinavian design means the countries which are of the Northern Europe: Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Finland which it emerged during the 1950s.  The typical Scandinavian design is the beauty radiated through the light color, the ample of the wood and also the minimalism and functionality.

New Scandinavian design

During the 1980s the interest of the classical Scandinavian designs waned. Where the 90s experienced a renaissance of the traditional ideas and concepts that will represent the Scandinavian design from a new angle. We also can see traditional approaches such as the intricate hand-made designs, which these are perfect functionality and democratic unity of shapes which were combined with the tendency to treat the objects as individual units of designs

Characteristics of Scandinavian designs

There are three pillars of Scandinavian designs which are good design for everyone, beauty despite functionality and also optimal use of available resources.  The  designs  are  kept  simple and also  stylized  to the  local  nature  environment.  We can see that the Scandinavian people have developed a responsive understanding which was about natural materials that allows then to use the available resources   sensibly and sparingly.  The  primary  material  that  the Scandinavian  used  was  wood , which  was  followed by the  granite , clay, leather, metal, linen , wool and  also  furs, the Nordic  Colour  palette tend to be  light and pale.  The nature aspect was the inspiration for the Scandinavian design.  It was  for  that  reason that the  Nordic  designers  such as Alvar Aalto, Arne Jacobsen and also Tapio Wirkkala are considered  the  pioneers  of  the  Organic  modernism.

The Scandinavian design became the late industrial relatively, which it was compared to the rest of Europe. 

Here we also  can see that the Scandinavian design has be designed also in the interior where in my  opinion I  find  it  interesting and  I  also  see that the Scandinavian design looks modern as nowadays interiors.  I like  also the fact  of  the designs  of  the chairs which  looks  modern  but  are  in the style  of  the Scandinavian  design.

We also can see that the Scandinavian design was basically a style where the material of the wood was most  of the  material  that we can see. 

Scandinavian design

The Story Of Scandinavian Design: Combining Function and Aesthetics - Smashing Magazine. 2015. The Story Of Scandinavian Design: Combining Function and Aesthetics - Smashing Magazine. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2011/06/13/the-story-of-scandinavian-design-combining-function-and-aesthetics/. [Accessed 9 January 2015].

Author: Charlotte and Peter Fiell, Title of the Book : Scandinavian Design, Published: Taschen

Streamlining- 1930-1950

Streamlining is based on rounded, smoothly finished it  is known  more  for  it  teardrop forms these type  of  form  were first used  during the early 20^th century transportation technologies some example are  the shipping, aircrafts and also the automobiles, these were to  improve  the hydrodynamic and also the aerodynamic which  these are the performance when they are moving at a  high speed. During the 1930s the streamlined forms were basically being used not for the function but to make household products so that they will appeal to the customers.

The streamlining also has the manufacturing in different products mostly from the competitors while they were restyling the programs so that they will be able to help accelerate the aesthetic life-cycle products and also by increasing the sales.

We can also see some designers that have worked in the streamlining which are Raymond Loewy, Norman Bel Geddes, Henry Dreyfuss and also Walter Dorwin Teague which these artists had worked as fashion illustrators, stage designers and also commercial artists.

Designers were able to create these  sleek modern looking forms out of clay which there are  made  as  models  which  are, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, radios, cameras and also telephones. The casting for the products were made out of the Bakelite, and also thermoset plastic which these were suited to the modeling of the streamlined form.

One of the designers that was Raymond Loewy have designer the Coldspot refrigerator which was for Sears which was the first domestic appliances where they were marketed on its look and  its performance where these came  highly celebrated.

Some other artists we find are Jumo Bakelite and also Ben Bowden these designers are also inspired form the streamlining.

Jumo Bakelite  streamlined lamp for Jumo Brevete Paris 1945

This  product looks  interesting  because  it  has a function and also  it  is  portable because  it  can  be  closed  down  and  be  easily to  carry around ,  it looks  like  it  is  inspired  from  a  stapler. It is a design that had a very inelegant thought behind this design and this product. The material that I assume that it was used is  the plastic and metal. 

                                           Ben Bowden Bicycle of the Future

We also cans  see  that  the  designs  that we  find in the  streamlining are  based  on  some  shape  which that  helps  the  people  realize  that that  particular  designed  have  been inspired  from the streamlining. I like  the  shape  and  forms that this  particular  style used  because  it  looks  and  gives  the  feel  of  the  modern  design, which  nowadays people looks  at that  particular  thing and  most  of the  people  are having  the  houses and  buying products  that  are  in  modern style.

Here I am comparing a modern bicycle where I am comparing this modern bicycle to the streamline bicycle where these 2 bicycles are similar to each other. We also can see that the wheels of this particular modern bicycle have the wheels modern as well we usually  see  bicycles  that the will have lines  which are made out of metals or wires where in the modern bicycle it has only the 3 parts which is  the same  material  as  the  whole  bicycle.   On the  whole  streamlining and  nowadays  design are  similar  to  each  other.

Author: Charlotte and Peter Fiell, Title of the Book : Design of the 20 th century, Published: Taschen, pg 673-674

Organic Design- 1930-1950

The organic design is a 20^th century trend which is basically in the architecture which it was practically during the 1930’s 1940’s and also 1950’s. the goal of the organic architecture was the building where we can see that the form were dictated by the function and also by the circumventions, where we can see that to make the design for the architecture they were inspired from the nature. The concept of the organic architecture was  first formulated in the 1880’s which was done by an American  architect. Sullivan who he  was  mostly influenced by the  evaluation of  the  theory  in  biology. As we mostly know concept  will  then be developed in the theoretical works and also designs of one of Sullivan’s protégés Frank Llyod Right who his goal for  the  design  was  the  engenderment of uninterrupted architecture space, where suppose the  division of  the  space into  separate components which were  typical of  the  more  tradition architecture . First designs that have be embody this principle where his prairie house ( Willits House in the  Highland Park, 1902 , Robie House in Chicago in the 1909) wright sensitivity was to the categorical properties of  the natural materials which was coalesced with the romantic posture toward the natural landscape, where the building also was to be inseparable part. At that same time Wright abnegated some simple mimicry of the nature.   

 

                                         Willits House in the  Highland Park

 We can see  also  that  the organic architecture  has  become one  of  the  more  widespread trends in the  contemporary architects and also in the contrast to the  technology which  was  oriented extremes of  the  functionalism that  occurred  in the mid- 1930’s.

Influenced by the organic architecture were  the regional architectural schools that were developed in the  Scandinavian design for  example  the designs of Alvar Aaltot. We also can see that in the United States, the California school of architects where led by  R. Neutra where applied  the  organic  principles.  The organic architecture by time it was being popular and was also being paralleled by the widespread of  the  abnegation of  the  functionalism. An Italian architect who was B.Zevi has adopted the theory of the organic architecture in the 1940’s. During the 1945 the sodality of the Organic Architecture was founded  in Rome.  

The organic architecture kineticism as a whole which was ideologically discombobulated. It also is cumulating the principle that remained wright’s personal ascendancy. The movement which were abstractly humanistic ideas led it away from the exigent  of the  convivial quandaries that have  confront the architecture. It has also accentuation in individualism where  that led  to the  repudiation  of the  standardized and  also to the  industrial  buildings  techniques. 

The organic architecture kineticism as a whole was ideologically discombobulated. Its cumulating principle remained Wright’s personal ascendancy. The movement’s abstractly humanistic ideals led it away from the exigent convivial quandaries that confront architecture. Its accentuation on individualism led to the repudiation of standardized and industrial building techniques.

                                                                                    Frank llyod Wright

 Here we can see some  organic designs  where  the  chair  is  a  contemporary  design that have  been  inspired  from the  organic design where  I compared  this  design with the  building of  Frank Llyod  Wright

 organic  design 

Organic architecture definition of Organic architecture in the Free Online Encyclopedia. 2015. Organic architecture definition of Organic architecture in the Free Online Encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Organic+architecture. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

Wright, F. L. Budushchee arkhitektury. Moscow, 1960. (Translated from English.)
Wright, F. L. An Organic Architecture: The Architecture of Democracy. London, 1939.
Zevi, B. Towards an Organic Architecture. London, 1950.

Art Deco – 1920- 1939

Art Deco is a style which it is elegant for the decorative art, design and also architecture. The Art Deco began as the Modernist reaction which was against the Art Nouveau style. In Art Deco we see that the style has the uses of the angular, symmetrical geometric forms. in the 1930s era we could  see one  of the  classical  themes  that  have to  do  with Art Deco  which  was the  skyscrapers such  as  the New York’s Chrysler Building and  also  the  Empire State Building.  We can also see the former architect William Van Alen which was considered one of the world’s great Art Deco style buildings. The Art Deco style was also called Style Moderne where in the 1920s it had developed into  the major style which was  in the  Western Europe and  also  in the  United  States  during the 1930s.  The style of Art Deco was first exhibited in the 1925 in Paris where the name was inspired from the  Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes.

We also  can see  that the  style  of  Art Deco  was also  represented  modernism which  it  also  turned  into the  fashion. The intention of the Art Deco style was to create elegancy which it symbolized wealth and also sophistication.  

Some  designers  that  we  see  in the Art Deco  style  are Edgar William Brandt, Emory Seidel, Ernest Boiceau , Emile Ruhimann and also Reuben Haley these are just  few   designers that  have worked with the Art Deco style.

                            BRONZE, PAIR OF ALTISA CANDELABRA, EMORY SEIDEL

Here we can see some work that Emory Seidel had done by inspiring and keeping in mind the Art Deco style.  This piece  of  art  was  made  out  of  Bronze  which it  is  a  metal  material,  and  its  function  is a  candelabra.  It is more as an ornament but it is style a product that it is functional. 

                            La Tentation floor lamp (shade by Daum) , ca. 1925- Edgar William Brandt

Jacques- Emile Ruhimann - The Grand Salon, Hotel du Collectionneur 1925

 Jacques- Emile Ruhimann - The Grand Salon, Hotel du Collectionneur 1925

This particular art piece which it  is  also  a  functional  product  because  it  is  a  floor  lamp has a very clear design that it is an Art Deco. We also  can see  that it is a very detailed design and  can  also  see  that the  stand  of  the lamp  is  a snake. The materials that the designer used to make this floor lamp were Gilt bronze and glass. 

                   Jacques- Emile Ruhimann - The Grand Salon, Hotel du Collectionneur 1925

Here we can see that the Art Deco was  not  only influenced by the designers who do product design  but the Art Deco  was also applied on the walls as an interior space which it gives a vibrant feel to the house.

                          Cubist Vase Design by Reuben Haley for Consolidated Glass in 1928

This piece of art which it is also functional because it is a vase that it has been designed by Reuben Haley has a beautiful structure.  This vase has been designed in the 1927 and it has been introduced in the 1928 by the Consolidated Lamp and Glass Company. I like  the fact of the structure  because  it  is  unusual  and  looks  modern even though it has  been  designer  in the 1927.   

The Art Deco style is still seen nowadays because its design looks modern.

As  other  styles  and movements  we  still  can see  that Art Deco  is  added as well into  the interior design aspect, which as a style it make the house looks  stunning and interesting to  look at. We also can find the Art Deco style on wallpapers.

                                                                 Art Deco wallpaper

Art Deco

Art Deco. 2015. Art Deco. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/art-deco.html. [Accessed 26 January 2015].

Art Deco | art movement | Encyclopedia Britannica. 2015. Art Deco | art movement | Encyclopedia Britannica. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36505/Art-Deco. [Accessed 26 January 2015].

Author: Charlotte and Peter Fiell, Title of the Book : Design of the 20 th century, Published: Taschen, pg 48-54 Art Deco 

International Style 1920-1980

We can find the international style in architecture, which it describes the type of the design that have been developed in Germany, Holland and additionally in France which this transpired during the 1920s afore it spreded to America in the 1930s. During the middle of the 20th century we could visually perceive that it have become ascendant in the American architecture. the  international style was  mostly  kenned as the skyscraper architecture where  it give  the conception  of  modern look  absence of the embellishment and withal  was a style that the steel and glass were utilized, it was withal  corporate with the modernism during the period of the 1955-70. We can additionally optically discern that this particular style have been ascendant mostly of the 20th century of the architecture which was for the institutional and commercial building, it has withal been a tradition for the historical style.

The characteristics of the international style of the buildings includes the rectilinear forms which fundamentally plane surfaces which  these  will  be thoroughly devoid  form the  ornamentation and additionally open , even fluid and additionally  interior spaces. We additionally can optically discern that from the early form of the minimalism it had a ‘modern look’ where we can visually perceive that it has been reinforced by the  utilization of  modern materials  which these materials  includes  the  glass for  the façade, steel for the exterior support and withal  the concrete for interior fortifies and floors.

We can see that the international style was first coined in the 1932 which was by the curators Henry-Russell Hitchcock (1903-1987) and Philip Johnson (1906-2005 which  these  are shown in the literature for  the show  of  the  international exhibition of the modern exhibition 1932 which this exhibition  was  placed  in the  museum of  the Modern Art in  New  York. the  aim of  it was  to explain and also to promote what they have considered to be an  exemplary modern style of the architecture. We can see that the only American structures in display were the Lovell House which  was  done  by  Richard Neutra in the 1929 and we can also  see the Film Guid  Cinema  which  this  one was designer by  Frederick John Kiesler 1890-1965.    

                                         Lovell House- by  Richard Neutra

Some famous artist and designers that took part in the international style are Walter Gropius, Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, Le Corbusier and also Florence Knoll.

We can see that these artists have worked in the International Style where most of their works have been done in 3D aspect which means Product and also furniture designs.  

          Corbusier Chaise Lounge

Le Corbusier

He is one of the artists that have worked in the international style. He also worked a lot in furniture designs such as the Corbusier Chaise Lounge.

Walter Gropius

Walter Gropius who was the founder of the Bauhaus design school which was in Weimar, Dessau and also in Berlin.  Walter have emigrated to America in the 1937, where there he became the Head of  the Graduate School of Design at the Harvard University, and this was also set up to the partnership which it was been known as The Architects’ Collaborative.

Some examples we find of Walter in the International Style architecture are the Fagus Factory which it is in Aldeld on the Lein in the 1911-25, the model of the factory for the Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition at Cologne in the 1914, we also can see the Bauhaus School building1925 which it is a Dessau, the Graduate Center 1950 at Harvard University and also Pan Am Building 1963 in New York.

International style

International Style of Modern Architecture: Origins, Characteristics. 2015.International Style of Modern Architecture: Origins, Characteristics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/international-style.htm#definition. [Accessed 27 January 2015].

Author: Charlotte and Peter Fiell, Title of the Book : Design of the 20 th century, Published: Taschen, pg 344-348